Thursday, March 21, 2013

GOP Lawmakers Who Voted Against Iraq War Stand Their Ground 10 Years Later

WASHINGTON -- When Congress voted to authorize the Iraq War in October 2002, only seven Republicans voted against it -- and they took heat for bucking their party. Looking back now, on the 10-year anniversary of the invasion, many of those Republicans maintained they were right all along and fear that the war wasn't worth the costs, both financially and in human lives.

In interviews with The Huffington Post, five of those seven Republicans explained why they broke ranks and opposed the war resolution, which authorized President George W. Bush to "use any means necessary" against Iraq. Two of those Republicans -- Rep. John Duncan (Tenn.) and former Rep. John Hostettler (Ind.) -- did not respond to interview requests.

"To me, it was about growing up in the Vietnam era and not wanting to go through that again," said Rhode Island Gov. Lincoln Chafee, who, in 2002, was the only GOP senator to vote against invading Iraq. "I remember the difficulty the soldiers had coming back here after Vietnam. They had the same issues: PTSD, re-immersion, alcoholism. You have to be prepared to take all that on."

"There was no threat to our national security, and also the arguments that they were using [for] why we had to go in, I didn't believe them," said former Rep. Ron Paul (Texas), one of the six House Republicans who opposed the war. "I could see where it was going to cost us a lot of money, and I kept saying this even before -- it's going to cost us a lot of money, a lot of lives. It's going to go on a long time."

Former Rep. Connie Morella (Md.) said she couldn't separate war from being the mother of nine.

"I had to look at it as a parent, but also look at the fact that the we're talking about sending young people into conflict," Morella said. "There was also the idea that we had not gone through checking with the UN and getting support of allies. We were doing this unilaterally.

"That was the 88-ton gorilla or whatever they say," Morella added. "I think it was valid then, and I think it's valid now."

"I just felt it was the wrong war at the wrong time," said former Rep. Amory Houghton (N.Y.), who said he never believed that Iraqi leaders were building weapons of mass destruction.

"The information I'd gotten on weapons of mass destruction made me think they were not there," Houghton said. Asked how he came to that conclusion when so many others didn't, Houghton replied, "Everybody had the same information I had. It's all about how you interpret it, isn't it?"

Of course, it was the allegations of weapons of mass destruction that sparked the Iraq invasion in the first place -- and that turned out to be false. In the meantime, Bush plotted a war that was supposed to require few troops and even less time. Instead, it dragged on for nine years, cost the United States at least $800 billion and resulted in nearly 4,500 U.S. soldiers being killed. That doesn't include the more than 32,000 wounded Americans and the horrific estimates of Iraqi civilian fatalities, which range from 100,000 to 600,000.

Former Rep. James Leach (Iowa) said he never believed that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction or that Iraqi leaders had ties to al Qaeda, which is why it wasn't hard for him to oppose the war.

"If we didn?t know after years of review and international inspections where alleged nuclear capacities were located and where alleged biological weapons were stored in a society filled with dissenters, it appeared to me that the Iraqi WMD threat served more as an exaggerated rationale for war than a true challenge to our national security," said Leach.

Most of the GOP war detractors said they received a steady stream of criticism after their votes. Morella said people would leave notes at the front door of her house saying they disagreed with her. Some called her children, who were grown and living elsewhere, to say they disagreed with Morella's vote.

Chafee said he took heat from his GOP colleagues, but was "adamant" in his position. Houghton said he, too, faced criticism from colleagues, but said he didn't really care since he was 60 years old when he got elected to Congress and didn't feel the need to walk in lockstep with leadership.

"I didn't have any aspirations for the brass ring," Houghton said. "I just wanted to try to do the right thing for the country."

After nearly nine years of combat in Iraq, President Barack Obama brought home the last batch of U.S. troops in 2011. Saddam Hussein is gone, and in place of his dictatorship, a democratically run government. The question of whether the war was worth it remains. For some of the original GOP dissenters, the answer is a resounding no.

"I just think that it was a disaster. It was wrong, and we should have prevented it," Paul said. "Yeah, we got rid of a dictator. It makes no sense. It demonstrates the stupidity of our foreign policy. What it does, it says at one time we can be an ally of Saddam Hussein, but the next week we can turn around and say he's our worst enemy."

"I would question, was this worth the loss of credibility?" Morella asked. "Even more than that, was it worth the loss of people? I guess the Iraqi people will show whether it was."

Still, she added, "Certainly, I stand by my vote 10 years ago."

Some said they worried that political leaders learned nothing from missteps with Iraq -- and will be just as likely to launch into another war given the right emotional spin.

"You would think after Vietnam, people would be hesitant, but it happened," Chafee said. "Any time you get these emotions of fear and anger, it's always possible. It's groupthink."

Others dismissed the idea that the Iraq war will be a stain in the history books for the U.S.

"We've done a lot of dumb things, but I don't think this is one," said Houghton. "There's a self-correcting gene in Americans. We have this ability to bounce back."

Leach, meanwhile, had a Zen outlook when asked if there were lessons to be learned from the war.

"Wisdom is linear," Leach said. "A smart person, we are told, learns from his or her mistakes. But a really smart person also learns from the mistakes of others. And a sage learns both from mistakes and the wise decisions of those who came before."

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/20/gop-iraq-war_n_2910618.html

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Why red algae never colonized dry land

Mar. 20, 2013 ? The first red alga genome has just been sequenced by an international team coordinated by CNRS and UPMC at the Station Biologique de Roscoff (Brittany), notably involving researchers from CEA-Genoscope[1], the universities of Lille 1 and Rennes 1 and the Mus?um National d'Histoire Naturelle[2]. The genome of Chondrus crispus, also known by the Breton name 'pioka', turns out to be small and compact for a multicellular organism. It has fewer genes than several other species of unicellular algae, which raises a number of questions about the evolution of red algae. This low number of genes could explain why these organisms never colonized dry land, unlike their green counterparts-from which all terrestrial plants are descended. These findings open up new perspectives on the natural history of algae and of terrestrial plants.

They are published online in the journal PNAS on March 11th 2013.

Chondrus crispus is a multicellular red alga of about 20 cm in length. It is very common on the rocky coasts of the North Atlantic where it plays an essential role as a primary producer in these ecosystems. Certain red algae are now used in the agri-food industry for the thickening properties of the carrageenans from their cell walls. These sulfated polysaccharides correspond to the food additive E-407, which goes into many desserts and other dishes. Beyond industrial applications, this first sequencing of a red alga genome sheds new light on plant evolution as a whole.

The Chondrus genome had some surprises in store for the researchers. With only 9,606 genes and 105 million base pairs, it is indeed very small for a multicellular organism. By way of comparison, the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has 14,516 genes, while the multicellular terrestrial plant Arabadopsis thaliana has 27,416. The Chondrus genome is also very compact, with each function generally corresponding to a single gene. Gene families are small, and genes closely spaced.

To explain these surprising characteristics, the researchers proposed the hypothesis that, more than a billion years ago, red algae experienced a massive loss of genetic material as a result of extreme environmental conditions. This dramatic event in their evolutionary history would have had many consequences. One result could be the loss of flagellar genes, still present in most other organisms and responsible for the motility of certain cells (such as the gametes during sexual reproduction in most organisms, including humans).

Had this massive gene loss never occurred, red algae might have extensively colonized the terrestrial environment, in the same way as green algae, which are the ancestors of all land plants. Yet this event-a real evolutionary bottleneck-has denied red algae the plasticity and genetic potential necessary to adapt to life on land.

The sequence of the Chondrus genome thus opens the archives of more than 1,500 million years of evolutionary history of terrestrial and marine plants. It provides a new basis for the study of red algae biology and is the first step in a program aiming to improve our understanding of the origin of life on Earth, the adaptation of red algae to their environment and the biosynthesis pathways of biomolecules of interest, such as carrageenans. The scientists of the group are also hoping to discover new enzymes of interest for marine biotechnology.

[1] CEA-Genoscope was in charge of the sequencing and annotation facility.

[2] Led by the research unit V?g?taux marins et biomol?cules (CNRS/UPMC), this study also involved the following French laboratories: G?nomique m?tabolique (CEA/CNRS/Universit? d'Evry) at CEA-Genoscope, Glycobiologie structurale et fonctionnell'e (CNRS/Univ. Lille 1), Laboratoire d'oc?anographie microbienne (CNRS/UPMC), Ecosyst?mes, biodiversit?, ?volution (CNRS/Univ. Rennes 1), Biologie des organismes et ?cosyst?mes aquatiques (CNRS/Mus?um National d'Histoire Naturelle/IRD/UPMC), Adaptation et diversit? en milieu marin (CNRS/UPMC) and G?nome et d?veloppement des plantes (CNRS/Universit? de Perpignan).

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by CNRS (D?l?gation Paris Michel-Ange), via AlphaGalileo.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. J. Collen, B. Porcel, W. Carre, S. G. Ball, C. Chaparro, T. Tonon, T. Barbeyron, G. Michel, B. Noel, K. Valentin, M. Elias, F. Artiguenave, A. Arun, J.-M. Aury, J. F. Barbosa-Neto, J. H. Bothwell, F.-Y. Bouget, L. Brillet, F. Cabello-Hurtado, S. Capella-Gutierrez, B. Charrier, L. Cladiere, J. M. Cock, S. M. Coelho, C. Colleoni, M. Czjzek, C. Da Silva, L. Delage, F. Denoeud, P. Deschamps, S. M. Dittami, T. Gabaldon, C. M. M. Gachon, A. Groisillier, C. Herve, K. Jabbari, M. Katinka, B. Kloareg, N. Kowalczyk, K. Labadie, C. Leblanc, P. J. Lopez, D. H. McLachlan, L. Meslet-Cladiere, A. Moustafa, Z. Nehr, P. Nyvall Collen, O. Panaud, F. Partensky, J. Poulain, S. A. Rensing, S. Rousvoal, G. Samson, A. Symeonidi, J. Weissenbach, A. Zambounis, P. Wincker, C. Boyen. Genome structure and metabolic features in the red seaweed Chondrus crispus shed light on evolution of the Archaeplastida. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221259110

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/IR6FcsDLf_I/130320095036.htm

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AP PHOTOS: A look back at 10 years of war in Iraq

The images remain fresh even as the memories fade ? the blinding flash of "shock and awe" bombing, the square-jawed confidence of an American president leading his people into war, the cowering prisoner trembling on the ground in the face of a small piece of American power.

Fast forward and the images transform like the war itself: the pain of an Iraqi mother's loss, grief-scarred faces of benumbed survivors, terrified soldiers under fire, mutilated bodies of slain Americans hanging from a bridge in a town few Americans had ever heard of.

The Iraq war began on March 20, 2003, to rid Iraq of a dictator and eliminate his weapons of mass destruction. No WMD was ever found. The dictator Saddam Hussein was caught ? literally hiding in a hole ? tried and hanged.

Yet the conflict dragged on in a grinding litany of bullets, bombs and barbarity. Dusty backwaters like Fallujah, Haditha and Ramadi became household words for Americans. The war was marked by the savagery of televised beheadings, Abu Ghraib prison and IEDs.

By the time U.S. troops left in December 2011, nearly 4,500 Americans and more than 100,000 Iraqis had lost their lives. Hundreds of billions of American taxpayer dollars were gone.

For Americans, the war's end in December 2011 brought relief and for the men and women who fought it, joy at reunions with loved ones.

For Iraqis, the war is harder to forget. Its signs are all around, from shattered bodies of survivors, to ongoing spasms of violence, to the pock-marked buildings still unrepaired.

Ten years after that first attack, Iraq languishes in a state between war and peace. And on the eve of the anniversary, a wave of bombings shook the Iraqi capital, killing at least 65 people and wounding more than 240.

___

Follow photographer David Guttenfelder on Twitter: https://twitter.com/dguttenfelder

Follow photographer Maya Alleruzzo on Twitter: https://twitter.com/mayaalleruzzo

Follow photographer Jerome Delay on Twitter: https://twitter.com/jeromedelay

Follow photographer Evan Vucci on Twitter: https://twitter.com/evanvucci

Follow AP photographers on Twitter: http://apne.ws/XULOIG

The text for this gallery was written by AP foreign correspondent Robert H. Reid: https://twitter.com/rhreid

___

BEHIND THE IMAGES

As the 10th anniversary of the start of the Iraq War approached, six AP photographers ? people now based in bureaus from Paris to Taipei ? reflected on iconic images they captured related to the conflict. Here's what they had to say about the circumstances surrounding the photos ? how they got them, what it was like to be where they were and what was going through their minds at the time.

___

WALLY SANTANA, AP photographer, Taipei, Taiwan

"I am going to witness an execution," Santana thought amid the dust, extreme heat and smell of burning plastic as he photographed a U.S. soldier aiming his weapon at a man in Mosul, Iraq, who had just been shot in the neck by a soldier while attempting to flee on July 23, 2003.

"I noticed the commanding officer take note of a suspicious person who arrived in a small cargo van behind the crowds. In a flash, the officer yelled to his men and darted on a 200-meter dash toward the man as he slipped back into the crowd. The eight or so soldiers in full battle gear ran flat out, parting the local crowd as they leaped over rows of their barbed wire, yelling for the man to stop."

"As the man jumped into his van and started to speed away down a back alley, the soldier next to me raised his rifle and fired two or three shots through the back window, puncturing the left side of his neck. The vehicle stopped, the man rolled out, with blood gushing, and he pleaded for his life in broken English as he was forced to the ground."

"After moments went by, a medic was called to tend to the wound and the man was taken away for interrogation."

___

LAURENT REBOURS, AP chief of service for photos, Paris

Two days after Saddam was captured, Rebours photographed a U.S. soldier demonstrating access to the spider hole near Tikrit, Iraq, where Saddam had hidden. Rebours explains what struck him about the scene:

"The silence, because it was in a farm in the middle of nowhere and because everyone ? U.S. soldiers and journalists ? had the feeling that we were at a stage of an important moment in history."

"The challenge was to find the proper picture to tell the story and when you have in front of you a hole. The best thing is always to bring a human being, and in that case a soldier could provide a kind of scale. How big was the rat hole? Tiny!"

___

MUHAMMED MUHEISEN, AP chief photographer, Islamabad

Muheisen shares his memories from April 26, 2004, when he shot a photo of an Iraqi man celebrating on top of a burning U.S. Army Humvee in the northern part of Baghdad:

"At the site people were running and screaming, and in such an atmosphere you can never tell if you are welcome ? you could be simply beaten by the crowds. I remember from other occasions that Arabic words used to be said about photographers being spies ? being bad people ? which can get you beaten badly, so you are always afraid to put your feet in the wrong place."

"The other fear is to be in the middle if U.S. troops come by and start shooting to disperse the crowds. So it's never been a safe or a comfortable situation, but the heat of the war and the excitement to be there covering the war takes away this fear."

"I remember the sounds of people screaming, shouting, chanting victory words and the smell of the burning Humvee and the man standing on top shouting 'Allahu akbar! Allahu akbar!' ('God is great! God is Great!'). I pointed my camera and took the frame. Suddenly the man noticed me and I could see the anger in his face. It was frightening. He decided to run after me so I had to flee the site running as fast as I could back to our vehicle to leave the place."

___

MAYA ALLERUZZO, AP photo editor, Cairo

Alleruzzo describes her thought process as she decided how to capture an image of detainees kneeling in prayer at Camp Cropper in Baghdad on Nov. 10, 2008:

"I knew that I would be subject to military review of all of my images that day. Post-Abu Ghraib, the U.S. military and the administration were terribly concerned about images of people in their custody. The challenge was to make photos that would not reveal the identities of the prisoners ? this, they said, would be a violation of the Geneva Conventions. I knew I could not screw it up."

"I decided to use shallow depth of field, and in other photos worked with light and shadow, rather than cropping or letting the military censors make decisions for me."

___

JEROME DELAY, AP chief photographer for Africa, Johannesburg

Delay reflects on his photo of a Saddam statue being toppled in Baghdad on April 9, 2003:

"I almost missed the moment as I was with Alexandra Boulat (a photographer for National Geographic at the time) shooting pictures of looting at the other end of town. So we kind of stumbled upon this on the way back to the hotel!"

___

J. SCOTT APPLEWHITE, AP photographer, Washington

Applewhite recalls his experience visiting the USS Abraham Lincoln and capturing a picture of President George W. Bush giving a thumbs-up on May 1, 2003, the day Bush declared the end of major combat in Iraq ? a speech remembered by many for the "Mission Accomplished" banner than hung from the aircraft carrier:

"I had arrived on the carrier shortly before Bush with the 10-man White House travel pool, that small group of reporters and photographers that go just about everywhere with the president. ... As Bush arrived we were still a little pumped after 'catching the wire,' where our plane was jolted to a sudden halt on the pitching deck."

"Usually the pool is separate from the crowd and can move freely but there were so many Navy guys and additional press already on board for the event that I just remember thinking that I have to be in position, I can't get shut out.

"I recall locking arms with my lifelong friend (and competitor) Larry Downing from Reuters to keep everyone else from squeezing us out. It was far more aggressive and physical than normal. Larry and I have been around the world many times on presidential trips and we have a saying about this kind of scrum: Air Force One will get you the first 10,000 miles ? the last 10 yards are up to you. "

___

This gallery was curated by news producer Caleb Jones in New York: https://twitter.com/CalebNews

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/ap-photos-look-back-10-years-war-iraq-112447144.html

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Wednesday, March 20, 2013

BankBazaar | Invest early in your career!

by BankBazaar.com Desk on ???0 |

Investing for your retirement may not be the most important thing on your mind when you start your career. For most people, investing may not even be on the priority list when they start their career. When you start your career, your saving capacity may not be much in absolute terms, as your salary itself may not be much. But this should not deter you from making investments. This is because the first few years of your earning life has a huge impact on your future finances.

As with anything else in life, investing also benefits with an early start. The earlier you do your retirement planning, the greater will be your return on investment. There are more reasons than one for you to start investing early in your career. Let?s look at the various benefits of early investing.

The Effect of Compounding:

The most important reason for you to start investing early in your career is to get the benefit of compounding. Compound interest works magic for any investor. As you know, compound interest means the interest earned on interest. If you continuously reinvest your earnings, your return on investment will increase exponentially.

When you regularly invest from the start of your career, you are increasing the return you receive on your returns. A monthly investment of as low as Rs.1,000 or Rs.2,000 will have a large impact on your financial position. Let?s understand the effect with a few examples:

Example 1: X is 25 years old and has 35 years left for retirement. He starts to invest Rs. 1000 per month for 35 years at a return of 12% per annum. The corpus left with X at the end of 35 years will be Rs. 64 lakhs.

Y is 30 years old and has only 30 years left for retirement. He also starts to invest Rs. 1000 per month. But as he has started investing late in his career, he can invest this amount only for the next 30 years at 12% per annum. The corpus left with Y at the end of 30 years will be Rs. 35 lakhs. This is the difference 5 years of investment has made to the final corpus value. If Y needs the same Rs. 64 lakhs for his retirement, he will need to shell out Rs.1830 per month instead of Rs. 1000.

To understand the wonder of compounding, let?s look at another example:

Example 2: Both X and Y are 30 years of age and have 30 years left for retirement. Now, X invests Rs. 2000 every month for the first 15 years at a return of 12% per annum. He totally invests Rs. 3.6 lakhs. At the end of 15 years of his investment, he does not invest further and also does not withdraw the money. His total corpus at the end of 30 years will be close to Rs. 55 lakhs.

Now Y invests only Rs. 1000 per month at a return of 12% per annum. But he invests for 30 years. Y?s total investment is also Rs. 3.6 lakhs ? same as X?s total investment. But his corpus after 30 years is only Rs. 35 lakhs. Thus for the same total investment, X?s corpus is much higher than Y?s corpus. This is because X had invested more in the initial years and had allowed this money to get compounded for the total period.

Thus, the most important advantage of beginning to invest early in your career is to realise the full benefits of compounding. There are other reasons why it makes sense to start investing early in your career -

Improvement in spending habits: As you begin to save early in your career to start investing, you have lesser disposable cash with you. This helps you in being more prudent and brings about a discipline in your spending habits.

Ability to take risk: Not all of us get our investment options correct the first time. When you begin exploring investment avenues early in your life, you have a greater ability to take risk and experiment, compared to someone who starts investing later. This is because, at a later stage in life, if you realise you do not have sufficient savings; you will be more cautious in your choice of investments.

Money available during emergencies: When you begin to invest early, you would have a comfortable cushion backing you up. Thus, you can be rest assured that your savings will be of use to you in times of need.

Better choices in life: As seen in the examples above, the corpus built by investing early in life is much bigger than the corpus built by someone who starts a little later. As a result of the savings back-up, you can afford a better lifestyle and an improved quality of life, helping to fulfill your financial goals.

Thus, beginning to invest early in your career can help you in building a secure future.

Source: http://loans.msn.bankbazaar.com/guide/invest-early-in-your-career-2/36575/

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Renewed nuke sale fear after recent NKorea test

A North Korean soldier looks at the southern side through a pair of binoculars at the border village of the Panmunjom (DMZ) that separates the two Koreas since the Korean War, in Paju, north of Seoul, South Korea, Tuesday, March 19, 2013. The United States is flying nuclear-capable B-52 bombers on training missions over South Korea to highlight Washington's commitment to defend an ally amid rising tensions with North Korea, Pentagon officials said Monday.(AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)

A North Korean soldier looks at the southern side through a pair of binoculars at the border village of the Panmunjom (DMZ) that separates the two Koreas since the Korean War, in Paju, north of Seoul, South Korea, Tuesday, March 19, 2013. The United States is flying nuclear-capable B-52 bombers on training missions over South Korea to highlight Washington's commitment to defend an ally amid rising tensions with North Korea, Pentagon officials said Monday.(AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)

A North Korean soldier, right, looks at the southern side as a South Korean soldier stands guard at the border village of the Panmunjom (DMZ) that separates the two Koreas since the Korean War, in Paju, north of Seoul, South Korea, Tuesday, March 19, 2013. The United States is flying nuclear-capable B-52 bombers on training missions over South Korea to highlight Washington's commitment to defend an ally amid rising tensions with North Korea, Pentagon officials said Monday.(AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)

A North Korean soldier, left, salutes to his senior North Korean soldier as a South Korean soldier stands guard, center bottom, at the border village of the Panmunjom (DMZ) that separates the two Koreas since the Korean War, in Paju, north of Seoul, South Korea, Tuesday, March 19, 2013. The United States is flying nuclear-capable B-52 bombers on training missions over South Korea to highlight Washington's commitment to defend an ally amid rising tensions with North Korea, Pentagon officials said Monday.(AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)

North Koreans walk past posters reading "Forward to the ultimate victory under the leadership of the great party!" left, "not with words but with arms," center, and "Higher, faster," right, on Tuesday, March 19, 2013, on a street in Phyongchon District in Pyongyang, North Korea. The banner partially shown at right reads in its entirety "Let?s strengthen and enhance our party as the party of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il!" (AP Photo/Jon Chol Jin)

A couple walks past posters reading "not with words but with arms," left, and "Higher, faster," second from left, as well as a banner reading "Let?s strengthen and enhance our party as the party of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il!" on a street in Phyongchon District, Pyongyang, North Korea, on Tuesday, March 19, 2013. (AP Photo/Jon Chol Jin)

(AP) ? North Korea's nuclear test last month wasn't just a show of defiance and national pride; it also serves as advertising. The target audience, analysts say, is anyone in the world looking to buy nuclear material.

Though Pyongyang has threatened to launch nuclear strikes on the U.S., the most immediate threat posed by its nuclear technology may be North Korea's willingness to sell it to nations that Washington sees as sponsors of terrorism. The fear of such sales was highlighted this week, when Japan confirmed that cargo seized last year and believed to be from North Korea contained material that could be used to make nuclear centrifuges, which are crucial to enriching uranium into bomb fuel.

The dangerous message North Korea is sending, according to Graham Allison, a nuclear expert at the Harvard Kennedy School: "Nukes are for sale."

North Korea launched a long-range rocket in December, which the U.N. called a cover for a banned test of ballistic missile technology. On Feb. 12, it conducted its third underground nuclear test, which got Pyongyang new U.N. sanctions.

Outside nuclear specialists believe North Korea has enough nuclear material for several crude bombs, but they have yet to see proof that Pyongyang can build a warhead small enough to mount on a missile. The North, however, may be able to help other countries develop nuclear expertise right now, as it is believed to have done in the past.

"There's a growing technical capability and confidence to sell weapons and technology abroad, without fear of reprisal, and that lack of fear comes from (their) growing nuclear capabilities," Joel Wit, a former U.S. State Department official, said at a recent nuclear conference in Seoul.

Pyongyang says it needs nuclear weapons because of what it calls a hostile U.S. policy aimed at invading the North. The U.S., South Korea and others say North Korean brinksmanship meant to win aid and other concessions is the real motive. Even China, North Korea's most important ally, opposes its neighbor's nuclear ambitions.

North Korean nuclear sales earn the impoverished country money that can be pumped back into weapons development, analyst Shin Beomchul at the South Korean-run Korea Institute for Defense Analyses in Seoul said Tuesday.

Its growing capabilities could make North Korea more attractive to buyers, especially if it is determined that highly enriched uranium was used in last month's test.

Proliferation worries have ramped up since late 2010, when North Korea unveiled a long-suspected uranium enrichment operation. North Korea's first two nuclear tests, in 2006 and 2009, were suspected to be fueled by its limited plutonium stockpile. A crude uranium bomb is easier to produce than one made with plutonium, and uranium production is easier to conceal.

Little is known about North Korea's uranium program, but Washington and others are keenly interested in whether it is producing highly enriched uranium for bombs and whether uranium was used in the third test ? two things suspected, but not yet confirmed, by outsiders.

A nuclear test using highly enriched uranium "would announce to the world ? including potential buyers ? that North Korea is now operating a new, undiscovered production line for weapons-usable material," Allison, the Harvard nuclear specialist, wrote in a New York Times op-ed after the North's test.

U.S. officials have hinted that retaliation would follow should Washington discover North Korean cooperation behind any atomic attack on an American city or U.S. ally.

Pyongyang's nuclear transfers and any use of weapons of mass destruction "would be considered a grave threat to the United States and our allies, and we will hold North Korea fully accountable for the consequences," President Barack Obama's national security adviser, Tom Donilon, said last week.

U.S. officials have long tracked North Korean dealings in nuclear and weapons technology. Sanctions have cut down on missile sales, but Iran and Syria, two countries seen by Washington as rogue actors, may continue to be customers.

In November, the head of Iran's Atomic Energy Organization proposed observing North Korea's nuclear test, the Japanese news agency Kyodo reported, citing an unidentified Western diplomatic source privy to Pyongyang-Tehran ties.

North Korea is believed to have helped Syria build what senior U.S. intelligence officials called a secret nuclear reactor meant to produce plutonium. In 2007, Israeli jets bombed the structure in a remote Syrian desert.

Japan's government said Monday that it has determined that a shipment believed to have originated in North Korea violated U.N. sanctions because it contained material that could be used to make nuclear centrifuges.

The shipment of an aluminum alloy was seized from a Singaporean-flagged ship transiting Tokyo last August. The ship was reportedly bound for Myanmar from the Chinese port of Dalian, although Japanese government officials didn't confirm Myanmar as the destination.

Japan's chief government spokesman, Yoshihide Suga, said officials searched the ship because they believed it carried North Korean cargo. News reports said the United States tipped off Japan. Suga said officials had determined in subsequent analyses that the rods were made of an alloy that suggests they were intended for use in a nuclear centrifuge.

Suga said the seizure was the first to be conducted under a law Japan passed in 2010 to clamp down on the movement of materials that could be used for nuclear weapons development being brought into, or exported from, North Korea.

The murkiness of the clandestine nuclear trade is a major worry. It's difficult to know how a buyer would use atomic material or know-how, or where material could end up after being sold.

"The terrorist threat of an improvised nuclear device delivered anonymously and unconventionally by a boat or a truck across our long and unprotected borders is one against which we have no certain deterrent or defensive response," Robert Gallucci, a former senior U.S. diplomat who negotiated a U.S.-North Korea nuclear deal used to defuse a nuclear crisis in the 1990s, said late last month in Seoul.

"For Americans, this threat is far greater than the unlikely threat that may someday be posed by North Korean nuclear weapons delivered by a ballistic missile," he said.

___

Eric Talmadge in Tokyo and Hyung-jin Kim in Seoul contributed to this report. Follow Foster Klug on Twitter at twitter.com/APKlug

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/cae69a7523db45408eeb2b3a98c0c9c5/Article_2013-03-19-AS-NKorea-Nukes-For-Sale/id-fc1007934a0f456a985466bbe5606023

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Lawmakers launch new effort to pass China currency bill

By Doug Palmer

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A bipartisan group of lawmakers began a new attempt on Wednesday to pass legislation that puts pressure on China to change its currency practices, reviving an effort that previously failed to make it to the finish line.

The legislation, which has 101 co-sponsors, is similar to bills that passed the House of Representatives in 2010 and the Senate in 2011, but ultimately failed to win final congressional approval.

It came as Treasury Secretary Jack Lew was wrapping up a two-day visit to China, where he pressed Beijing to allow the yuan to rise further against the dollar.

"China's exchange rate should be market-determined. That's in our interest and China's interest. They recognize the need to do it for internal reasons as well," Lew told reporters.

Although China's yuan has appreciated 16 percent in real terms against the dollar since June 2010 and hit an all-time high against the dollar on Wednesday, many lawmakers believe Beijing keeps it at an artificially low value to give Chinese companies an unfair trade advantage.

Representative Sandy Levin of Michigan, the top Democrat on the House Ways and Means Committee, introduced the currency bill with fellow Democrat Tim Ryan of Ohio and Republican lawmakers Tim Murphy of Pennsylvania and Mo Brooks of Alabama.

"Currency manipulation by our trading partners has been going on for far too long, with American workers feeling the impact through lost jobs and lower wages," Levin said.

It is supported by U.S. labor groups and domestic textile, steel and other manufacturers that compete in the U.S. market against Chinese imports.

"It's clear the administration is not going to do enough to really press China on currency. That's why congressional action is so important," said Scott Paul, president of the Alliance for American Manufacturing.

But some business groups such as the U.S.-China Business Council have fought the legislation, fearing it would worsen trade ties.

The bill would allow U.S. companies to seek countervailing duties against Chinese goods on a case-by-case basis to offset any exchange rate advantage.

After the Senate passed a similar bill in 2011, Republican House Speaker John Boehner blocked a vote in the House because he said he was worried it could start a trade war.

"This is the year that Speaker Boehner and (Ways and Means Committee) Chairman (Dave) Camp should free the currency bill, or they will show they are completely out of step with the American people, Republicans in Congress, and the vast majority of Republican voters," Paul said.

FALLING YEN

Many U.S. lawmakers also believe Japan is unfairly driving down the value of its yen to help the country export its way out of decades of slow growth.

That has increased pressure on the Obama administration to use talks on a proposed free trade agreement in the Asia-Pacific region to craft rules against currency manipulation, particularly if Japan is allowed into the talks in coming months.

At a Senate Finance Committee hearing on Tuesday, acting U.S. Trade Representative Demetrios Marantis avoided taking a stand, but said the administration was exploring the costs and benefits of including currency in the Asia-Pacific trade talks.

Aluisio de Lima-Campos, a Brazilian trade scholar, has proposed that countries such as Brazil and the United States bring a number of countervailing duty cases against China to pressure it into negotiations on new currency rules.

In a visit to Brasilia this week, acting U.S. Commerce Secretary Rebecca Blank played down the idea of using countervailing duties to try to correct currency imbalances.

"Our countervailing duties efforts have a very different focus. They are really designed to enforce fairness, a leveled playing field for U.S. companies and to make sure that everybody is abiding by the (World Trade Organization) rules," Blank told reporters.

(Additional reporting by Alonso Soto in Brasilia; Editing by Eric Beech and Peter Cooney)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/lawmakers-launch-effort-pass-china-currency-bill-182054638.html

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Global Health: Scottish Bagpipers Urge Cleaning to Prevent Infection

[unable to retrieve full-text content]After a longtime member of a bagpiping school nearly died of a lung infection from fungi, a warning was issued to pipers to clean their instruments regularly.

Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/health/scottish-bagpipers-urge-cleaning-to-prevent-infection.html?partner=rss&emc=rss

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